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On September 18, 2024, the Modi Cabinet took a pivotal step in Indian politics by approving the “One Nation, One Election” proposal. This initiative aims to synchronize elections for the Lok Sabha and all state assemblies, allowing voters to cast their votes on the same day for both parliamentary and state representatives. This idea was originally articulated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in November 2020, and it is now set to be presented in Parliament during the winter session scheduled for November-December.
Understanding One Nation, One Election
The “One Nation, One Election” concept seeks to streamline the electoral process in India, which has traditionally held state and national elections at different times. Currently, elections for state assemblies and the Lok Sabha occur separately, often leading to a fragmented electoral calendar. The primary goal of this initiative is to hold these elections simultaneously, thereby simplifying the voting process and minimizing the interruptions to governance that come with frequent elections.
Historical Context
India’s electoral history shows that simultaneous elections were once the norm. The last instance of this practice occurred in 1967, when Lok Sabha and assembly elections were held together. However, subsequent political turmoil led to the dissolution of several assemblies, disrupting this tradition. Since then, elections have been conducted at different times, leading to an ongoing cycle of elections that can disrupt governance and public administration.
Government’s Preparations
The idea of conducting simultaneous elections has been a topic of discussion since the Modi government took office in 2014. In December 2015, the Law Commission released a report advocating for this approach, emphasizing its potential to save substantial financial resources and maintain continuity in governance. Frequent elections often necessitate the implementation of the Model Code of Conduct, which can halt government projects and developmental activities, causing delays in public service delivery.
In June 2019, Prime Minister Modi called a meeting with various political parties to discuss the feasibility of this proposal. Central Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad highlighted the burden of regular elections on administrative functions and the financial implications involved. Although many parties expressed their concerns, the government remained committed to exploring this initiative.
In September 2023, a committee was established to further analyze the feasibility of “One Nation, One Election.” This committee, chaired by former President Ram Nath Kovind, consulted various stakeholders and prepared a comprehensive report, laying out the framework for implementing this ambitious electoral reform.
Implementation Challenges
While the government is optimistic about the proposal, it faces significant challenges. Legal hurdles and opposition from various state governments, particularly those led by parties not aligned with the BJP, could complicate its implementation.
Legal Framework
According to political analysts, implementing “One Nation, One Election” may require amending the Constitution. Article 328, which governs the powers of state assemblies, may be impacted, necessitating the approval of at least 50% of the states. This could pose difficulties, as several state governments may resist such changes, fearing a loss of power and autonomy.
Political expert Sanjay Kumar indicates that two scenarios exist: the central government could enact a law, or it might require the approval of two-thirds of the states. Given the political landscape, it is likely that many opposition-led states will resist the move, presenting a formidable challenge to the government’s plans.
Potential Impact on Governance
Supporters of “One Nation, One Election” argue that conducting simultaneous elections would enhance governance by allowing governments to focus on development without the interruptions caused by frequent elections. This could lead to more efficient administration and quicker implementation of public policies.
However, critics caution that holding all elections simultaneously could dilute the accountability of elected representatives. With elections occurring every five years, the pressure on governments to perform well diminishes, potentially affecting their responsiveness to public needs. Additionally, if Lok Sabha elections were to be dissolved before their term, questions would arise about how to manage the timing and logistics of subsequent elections.
Political Implications
Political strategists believe that synchronizing Lok Sabha and assembly elections could benefit the ruling party, particularly in key states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Studies have shown that when elections occur simultaneously, voters are more likely to cast their ballots for the same party in both elections. A study by the IDFC Institute indicated that 77% of voters tend to vote for the same party when elections are held together, compared to 61% when there is a six-month gap.
Support and Opposition
Supporters of the initiative assert that it will reduce electoral costs and minimize disruptions to development projects. For example, Odisha has held simultaneous elections since 2004, resulting in fewer interruptions in governance and public administration. Proponents argue that synchronizing elections will save resources and improve administrative efficiency.
Conversely, opponents raise concerns about the implications for local governance and representation. The differences between national and state issues are significant, and conducting simultaneous elections might lead to voters making decisions based on national narratives rather than localized concerns. Critics argue that this could result in voters feeling less represented at the state level.
The Way Forward
The report submitted by the Kovind-led committee offered five key recommendations, including extending the term of state assemblies until the next Lok Sabha elections in 2029, allowing for new elections in the case of hung assemblies, and conducting local body elections within 100 days following the main elections.
For the “One Nation, One Election” proposal to become a reality, the government will need to navigate a complex legal landscape, garner bipartisan support, and ensure that the voices of various stakeholders are heard. The road ahead is fraught with challenges, but the potential benefits of this electoral reform could transform the political landscape of India.
In conclusion, while “One Nation, One Election” has the potential to streamline governance and reduce electoral costs, its successful implementation will depend on overcoming significant legal and political hurdles. As the government prepares to present the proposal in Parliament, the coming months will be critical in determining the future of this ambitious initiative.
